37 James Waller Quotes on Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing - Quotes.pub

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As historian Dick de Mildt argues, “By converting the criminal actors of the story into demon-like lunatics, we distance ourselves from them in a radical fashion, assuming them to belong to a different species which only remotely resembles us in physiognomy.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Further evidence of perpetrators’ lack of overt psychopathology is found in reports of their early reactions to the human suffering caused by their extraordinary evil. A wide range of perpetrator accounts reveal that initial involvement in killing often led to nightmares, anxiety attacks, debilitating guilt, depression, gastrointestinal problems, temporary impotence, hallucinations, substance abuse, numerous bodily complaints, and many other signs of stress reactions.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

As Browning writes, “If ordinary Serbs, Croats, Hutus, Turks, Cambodians and Chinese can be the perpetrators of mass murder and genocide, implemented with terrible cruelty, then we do indeed need to look at those universal aspects of human nature that transcend the cognition and culture of ordinary Germans.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Hohne concludes: “The system and the rhythm of mass extermination were directed not by sadists . . . [but by] worthy family men brought up in the belief that anti-semitism was a form of pest control, harnessed into an impersonal mechanical system working with the precision of militarised industry and relieving the individual of any sense of personal responsibility.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

The “necessary personnel” sought for this duty were not sadists and psychopaths. As a matter of fact, a systematic effort was made to weed out all those who might derive pleasure from what had to be done. There was a fear that they would not be as efficient, effective, and dependable as killers for this special operation. “Ordinary” and “sane” people, whose loyalty was to a worthy cause and who could be bent to the commission of extraordinary evil in support of that cause, were thought to be much better candidates.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Being in a group reveals who individuals are just as much, if not more, than being in a group alters who they are. In this way, groups can reflect some of the baser characteristics of the individuals within them as well as some of the more noble.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Arendt reasoned that anyone could have filled Eichmann’s role and that his evil was “banal” precisely because insertion into a social hierarchy committed to such evil made it normal and legitimate. This is why, in her view, Eichmann was not a madman. His deeds were monstrous, but Eichmann himself was thoroughly ordinary. In Arendt’s words: “The trouble with Eichmann was precisely that so many were like him, and that the many were neither perverted nor sadistic, that they were, and still are, terribly and terrifyingly normal.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

That same year, in an interview with the New Yorker, Kelley continued his dismissal of the “mad Nazi” thesis: “With the exception of Dr. Ley, there wasn’t an insane Joe in the crowd. That’s what makes this trial important—there are twenty-one ruthless people with counterparts all over the world, none of them sufficiently deviate to be locked up by society under normal conditions.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

These observations verify that chimpanzees are a second species—in addition to humans—that deliberately seek out and kill members of their own species. The remarkable violence of humanity is not uniquely ours. The species most closely related to us genetically—chimpanzees, with whom we share 98.4 percent of our DNA—also have a dark side to their nature.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

In modern times, however, this lack of inhibitory mechanisms has been dangerously coupled with technological development that puts lethal weapons in our hands—arrows, swords, rifles and guns, dynamite, and chemical and nuclear weapons. For Lorenz, the dissonance between our low inhibitions against moderating aggression and our increasing technological capability for mass destruction is why human beings are the only animals to indulge in mass slaughter of their own species. In other words, we have a capacity for destruction without precedent and, unfortunately, also without the strong inhibitory mechanisms that accompany most animals’ natural weaponry.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Gilbert computed that the average IQ for the twenty-one Nazi defendants, with a high of 143 and a low of 106, was 128—falling in the superior to very superior range of intellectual abilities. (For purposes of comparison, the average IQ is 100; that of college graduates is 118; that of doctoral students is 125.)

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

As anthropologist Michael Ghiglieri writes: “Xenophobia and ethnocentrism are not just essential ingredients to war. Because they instinctively tell men precisely whom to bond with versus whom to fight against, they are the most dangerously manipulable facets of war psychology that promote genocide. Indeed, genocide itself has become a potent force in human evolution.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

The announcement of the verdicts was completed on October 1, 1946. Appropriately, this date fell on Yom Kippur, the climax of the High Holy Days in Judaism. This sacred Day of Atonement is the day to face up to one’s sins and their consequences. On this day, the tribunal would announce the consequences of the sins committed against humanity by the twenty-two Nazi defendants.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

One of the most disturbing facts that came out in the Eichmann trial was that a psychiatrist examined him and pronounced him perfectly sane. I do not doubt it at all, and that is precisely why I find it disturbing. If all the Nazis had been psychotics . . . their appalling cruelty would have been in some sense easier to understand. Thomas Merton, Reflections

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Despite their continuing efforts of denial and revisionist interpretation, however, there is now widespread recognition that the Turkish destruction of the Armenians between 1915 and 1923 stands as the first “total genocide” of the twentieth century.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

But EP also warns us that self-congratulation about our human nature is premature. In Ridley’s words: “We have as many darker as lighter instincts. The tendency of human societies to fragment into competing groups has left us with minds all too ready to adopt prejudices and pursue genocidal feuds.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

For example, automobiles kill far more people today than do spiders or snakes. But people are far more averse to spiders and snakes than they are to automobiles. Why? Because in our EEA spiders and snakes were a serious threat to our survival and reproduction, whereas automobiles did not exist. Thus, it was possible—not to mention advantageous for our survival and reproduction—for us to evolve an innate aversion to spiders and snakes, but not to automobiles.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

There is no gene for genocide. Ethnocentrism, xenophobia, and our desire for social dominance are tendencies, not triggers that lead to mechanical causation or reflex action.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

In Cosmides and Tooby’s words, “Our modern skulls house a stone age mind.”20 They continue: “In many cases, our brains are better at solving the kinds of problems our ancestors faced on the African savannahs than they are at solving the more familiar tasks we face in a college classroom or a modern city.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

In his conclusion, Zajonc maintains that he has “not encountered a single instance of massacre that was not preceded by extensive development of moral imperatives.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Journalist Philip Gourevitch reports an interview with a Rwandan lawyer who said: “Conformity is very deep, very developed here. In Rwandan history, everyone obeys authority. People revere power, and there isn’t enough education. You take a poor, ignorant population, and give them arms, and say, ‘It’s yours. Kill.’ They’ll obey.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

As one example, David Norman Smith, a sociologist at the University of Kansas, points out that exceptionally intense violence occurs with significantly greater frequency in cultures where children are routinely physically or emotionally abused or denied affection.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

In summary, those who have cultural belief systems that see control as external tend to react passively to authoritative orders rather than proceed on the assumption that they can redefine situations through their own actions.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

There is a dark side to religious belief systems, which are often fused with ethnic and national identities. In this sense, religion is epiphenomenal—attached to and living off other phenomena. As such, religious belief systems do not always liberate humanity from extraordinary evil. Rather, they are often part of the problem—if not as a primary cause, certainly as something that worsens rather than mitigates conflict.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

The finding that enduring religious belief systems make us more amenable to the commands of authority also is affirmed by the historical realities surrounding many cases of mass killing and genocide.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

In the particular study reviewed by Blass that focused on religious dispositional variables, those that scored high on many of the religious variables were more accepting of the commands of an authority than were those who scored lower or were indiscriminately antireligious.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

The real problem is in the hearts and minds of men. It is not a problem of physics but of ethics. It is easier to denature plutonium than to denature the evil spirit of man. Albert Einstein

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

A myopic focus on the proposed psychopathology of perpetrators, or on their alleged extraordinary personalities, tells us more about our own personal dreams of how we wish the world to work than it does about the reality of perpetrator behavior. In that role, such explanations satisfy an important emotional demand of distancing us from them.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

A myopic focus on the proposed psychopathology of perpetrators, or on their alleged extraordinary personalities, tells us more about our own personal dreams of how we wish the world to work than it does about the reality of perpetrator behavior.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

To bluntly suggest that all Nazis had a common, homogenous extraordinary personality that predisposed them to the commission of extraordinary evil is an obvious oversimplification.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Thus, we are wise to at least consider orientation to authority as one of several factors—including low intelligence, low education, lack of political sophistication, and external threats of specific kinds (for example, economic threat)—predisposing people to accept fascist ideology.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

In short, the scale encouraged a response set of positive answers. Instead of identifying genuine authoritarians, perhaps the F scale simply singled out some very agreeable persons without strong opinions.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

The problem of response set is particularly relevant to the F scale because all of the items were worded in the same direction. In other words, all items were worded so that agreement indicated a high (or prejudiced, fascist, authoritarianism) score. As a result, it was easy for researchers to demonstrate that the scale did not measure ideological content but only a tendency to agree—with anything.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

What else do we know about a person when we know his or her score on the F scale? Research utilizing the F scale suggests people who are high on authoritarianism do not simply dislike Jews or dislike blacks, but, rather, show a consistently high degree of prejudice against all minority groups (including, recent studies indicate, AIDS patients). Any selection of a particular hate target is guided by convenience and social convention.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Adorno and his colleagues identified nine a priori clusters of personality dimensions—many surprisingly similar to Dicks’s “High F Syndrome”—that made up the authoritarian personality: 1. Conventionalism: Rigid adherence to conventional middle-class values. 2. Authoritarian Submission: Submissive, uncritical attitude toward idealized moral authorities of the in-group. 3. Authoritarian Aggression: Tendency to be on the lookout for, and to condemn, reject, and punish, people who violate conventional values. 4. Anti-Intraception: Opposition to the subjective, the imaginative, the tender-minded. 5. Superstition and Stereotypy: The belief in mystical determinants of the individual’s fate; the disposition to think in rigid categories. 6. Power and “Toughness”: Preoccupation with the dominance-submission, strong-weak, leader-follower dimension; identification with power figures; overemphasis on the conventionalized attributes of the ego; exaggerated assertion of strength and toughness. 7. Destructiveness and Cynicism: Generalized hostility, vilification of the human. 8. Projectivity: The disposition to believe that wild and dangerous things go on in the world; the projection outward of unconscious emotional impulses. 9. Sex: Exaggerated concern with sexual “goings-on.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Prejudiced individuals, according to the four researchers, were the children of domineering fathers and punitive mothers who engaged in unusually harsh child-rearing practices. These practices involved a combination of threats, coercion, and the deliberate use of parental love and its withdrawal to promote obedience. In other words, authoritarian parents are not able to show their children affection without reservation; it is contingent on the child’s good behavior. The result is children who are decidedly insecure and, paradoxically, extremely dependent on their parents. Moreover, such children fear their parents and experience unconscious hostility toward them.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes

Apparently, according to the criterion of consistency across targets, a prejudiced personality does indeed exist. Prejudice appeared to be less an attitude specific to one group than a general way of thinking about those who are different.

Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing Quotes